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It’s easy to remember what nutrient carrots have a lot of, right? Carrot: carotene! It’s no coincidence, because both words are derived from the Latin word carota, which means, of course, carrot. Carotenes are a family of unsaturated hydrocarbons, which all have 40 carbon atoms and differ in the number of hydrogen atoms are attached to each end of the molecule; the beta variety has 56. [1]

Beta carotene represented by a 3-D stick diagram
Finding Beta Carotene Is Easy!
Beta carotene is a strong pigment with a striking orange-red color to the human eye. Almost all orange plant foods are orange because of this molecule. While no animals can make beta carotene, when they synthesize it from eating plants it is retained in the fat tissues and milk. This turns the fat and milk a yellow color, and the deeper the yellow, the more beta carotene is retained.
Why Do We Need Orange?
Beta carotene is an important nutrient primarily because it is a provitamin A carotinoid, meaning that it is converted to retinol and retinoic acid (forms of vitamin A) in the digestion process. This happens in the duodenum of the small intestine, where a particular enzyme cleaves the beta carotene molecule into two molecules of vitamin A.
However, this action does not necessarily happen to every beta carotene molecule which passes through because the process is controlled by a number of factors, including how much vitamin A the body needs. This makes beta carotene a very safe way for getting vitamin A, because if the body has little or no need of vitamin A at a given point, the beta carotene will pass through unchanged. The only significant side effect of too much beta carotene is carotonesis, a benign condition in which so much beta carotene is stored in the skin that the skin turns an orange color.
Vitamin A is needed in many essential functions of our lives: the actual process of seeing in our retinas, gene transcription, and skin health, to name a few, and deficiencies can lead to blindness, digestive problems, impaired immunity, and hyperkeratosis. [2]
Sources of Beta Carotene
The plant with the highest concentration of beta carotene is one which most of us don’t have access to: Vietnamese gac is a fruit native to southeast Asia, and unlikely to show up in your neighborhood grocery store!

Interior of ripe gac fruits
However, we still have a wide variety of foods to choose from, including vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, and greens like spinach and kale, and also fruits like apricots, cantaloupe, mango and papaya. [3]
Since it can be difficult to consciously eat enough orange foods everyday (along with all the other nutrients we’re supposed to be consuming for optimum health), a safe way to ensure we’re getting enough beta carotene is in a daily supplement.
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A
[3] http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR21/nutrlist/sr21w321.pdf
 Haematococcus pluvialis, the algae that forms astaxanthin
You may have heard this strange long word before, as it’s a nutrient that’s been getting noticed more and more in health news for its remarkable properties. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid, a class of pigment compounds which provide many of the colors we see in plants and animals (astaxanthin is a orange-red color), and also serve a host of biological services. Beta-carotene and lutein are a couple of the most well-known carotenoids, and over 600 of them have been classified. Carotenoids are very important as antioxidants, and astaxanthin has been shown to be one of the most potent antioxidants yet studied. [1]
What Can Astaxanthin Do For Me?
Quite a bit, as it turns out. As an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent, astaxanthin can help protect your cells anywhere in your body. It turns out that antioxidants act in several different ways to bind with free radicals and protect you against them. Most antioxidants can only work in one or two of those ways, but astaxanthin can perform all the different antioxidant procedures, and usually do them better than the others. In an OREC test (one type of antioxidant test involving singlet oxygen quenching), astaxanthin activity outperformed other well-known antioxidants by a huge margin: 10 times more effective than beta-carotene, and 500 times more effective than Vitamin E! [2] Continue reading Astaxanthin: Supernutrient For Your Eyes–And More!
You may know of zinc as a main ingredient in your cold lozenge, or as a transitional metal on the periodic table (atomic number 30), or as the stuff that makes up most of a penny. You would be right about any of those. Of course, zinc is also a necessary nutrient our bodies use for a whole gamut of functions, and as we have no way of making it or storing it long-term, dietary zinc is essential.
What Does Zinc Do For Me?
Immune System: Even a minor deficiency of zinc reduces your body’s ability to produce the mitogen-fighting cells (called T-lymphocytes) and other complementary activities. Current hypotheses also indicate that zinc inhibits rhinovirus binding and replication, which is why zinc lozenges are such a popular cold remedy. Most studies seem to indicate that zinc supplementation does lessen the symptoms and duration of the common cold. [1]
Wound Healing: Since zinc helps hold together the skin and mucosal membranes, its presence helps speed the healing of cuts and even ulcers, especially on the legs. [2]
Skin Infections: Both the zinc supplement and zinc in a lotion with erythromycin help to clear up acne, and a zinc sulfate lotion can even help with a herpes infection. [3]
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Zinc is one of the nutrients which are absolutely essential Continue reading Our Ingredients: Zinc – The Metal in Your Eye
First of all, the good news is: you DO have time to cook! It may not be the way you’re familiar with, the way you expect, or the way your mother did it, but you can cook healthy, delicious meals for you and your family on a regular basis. The key is to remember the three P’s: Plan, Purchase, Prepare.
Free Your Mind
A good first step is to let go of all your negative associations with cooking: thoughts like, ”it takes too long”, “I’m too tired and too hungry”, and “I’m a terrible cook, anyway”. If you make the health of you and your family a high priority, higher than the TV shows you “have” to see or the social networking you “have” to do, you might be surprised at how much time you find to cook. And if you change your thinking about convenience food to see it as the non-beneficial, semi-toxic food-like substance that it is, you’ll be more motivated to keep it out of your body. But of course all that positive thinking won’t have much effect if you don’t have a realistic, effective PLAN for food preparation.
A PLAN For You!
Let go of the idea that you have to cook every day, and Continue reading I Don’t Have Time To Cook; How Can I Eat Healthfully?
 A crocus flower, source of saffron.
“Zeaxan-what?”
Zeaxanthin (pronounced “zee-uh-zan’-thin”) is one of many carotenoids, a large family of compounds which are responsible for the wide variety of colors in plants. The most familiar of these is probably beta-carotene: a vibrant orange. Zeaxanthin is a deep yellow, and shows up in bell peppers (and their derivative: paprika), corn and saffron. Surprisingly though, its highest concentration is in leafy greens, such as spinach, kale and turnip greens, plants which get their deep green color from a complex combination of carotenoids. A source with lower concentration is egg yolks, but the absorption of zeaxanthin seems to be much better with eggs, perhaps because it is a fat-soluble nutrient. [1]
What Does Zeaxanthin Do In My Eyes?
Inside the retina of a human eye is a small, oval-shaped, yellow dot called the macula, which has a high concentration of cones. The macula is responsible for our central, high resolution vision, so we’re using it almost all the time our eyes are open. Within the macula are high concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, with zeaxanthin being the most prevalent in the center.
The common hypothesis is that zeaxanthin, both in plants and eyes, protects its host by absorbing harmful blue light from the sun. This is partly based on the fact that low levels of lutein and zeaxanthin have been connected with Age-Related Macular Degeneration, a common condition of adults over 50, and a precursor to blindness. A few studies have show a positive correlation between supplementing with zeaxanthin and a decrease in macular degeneration, [2] including one which used quails as test subjects because their rentinal composition is very similar to humans’. [3]
 Zeaxanthin can be found in peppers, spinach, saffron, and other vegetables
How Can I Protect My Eyes?
No established value has been determined regarding how much zeaxanthin we should be consuming every day, but at least one study has indicated that eating dark, leafy greens at least five times per week significantly reduces the risk of macular degeneration. [4] While we should all eat more leafy greens anyway for a host of reasons, it’s often not something that finds its way into our daily diet, especially not five times a week. Supplemental zeaxanthin is totally safe, as there are no known side effects or overdosing effects. MegaCare’s Eye Food supplies zeaxanthin and an array of other nutrients your eyes need to function clearly every day, without being concerned about eating the perfect diet. If you’re at all concerned about the ongoing health of your eyes, try MegaCare’s Eye Food.
[1] http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=126
[2] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846363
[3] http://www.mdsupport.org/library/zeaxanthin.html
[4] http://www.mdsupport.org/library/lutzean.html
Thanks carbonboy and Klearchos Kapoutsis for the photos
 It's hard to swallow pills.
I hate swallowing pills! How can I learn to take them?
First of all, don’t panic. Difficulty in swallowing pills is a very common issue with people of all ages, and the good news is that there are many different ways of learning to take pills, so at least one of them should work for you!
The Art Of Pill Disguise
Swallowing a pill is much easier if it doesn’t look, smell or taste like a pill! Pills can be disguised in a number of different ways, depending on what kind of pill it is and your own preferences. Just make sure you won’t be affecting the action of the pill by crushing, breaking, or otherwise dismantling the original design. For example, Continue reading How Can I Take Supplements If I Can’t Swallow Pills?

Causes of Night Blindness (Nyctalopia)
The name may seem extreme: Night Blindness. Blindness! But it’s not usually so bad. Poor vision in low light, the inability to read road signs at night, decreased eyesight at dusk… that’s common night blindness.
Night blindness isn’t a disease in itself, rather, it’s usually a symptom of another eye condition. Sometimes it’s there from birth. Sometimes it happens after an accident. In the developing world, night blindness is usually due to malnutrition, specifically a lack of vitamin A and a zinc deficiency. Myopia, diabetes, cataracts, retinitis pigmentosa… all of these can cause night blindness, and all for different reasons.
In Myopia (or nearsightedness), light is focused improperly on the retina. This happens when the eye is longer than the optical length. Glasses and contact lenses can correct both the nearsightedness and the accompanying night blindness of myopia by adding a level of focus before light enters your eyes.. Lasik surgery can alter the eye physically, another effective method of how to improve eyesight.
Cataracts build up year over year as the lens behind the pupil accumulate debris. They are painless and almost unnoticeable at first… the first symptom is usually night blindness. The cloudy lens caused by cataracts can also make a halo appear around lights at night. It’s like a coating of dust on a window, but instead of being on the outside, the dust is inside, scattered throughout the pane. Vision problems due to cataracts can be treated through surgery, but effective natural methods exist. The Continue reading Causes of Night Blindness
Mostly no.
It depends on what your health goals are: do you want to stay in “survival” mode (a.k.a. the Standard American Diet), eating just enough nutrients to keep yourself from major deficiency diseases like rickets and scurvy but feeling somewhat sick most of the time and running the risk of developing common ‘civilized’ deficiency diseases like cancer and diabetes? Do you want be “sorta” healthy, eating good, nourishing foods when it’s convenient and junk when it’s not, and put up with varying levels of energy, minor illnesses and odds and ends breaking down in your body? Or do you want to be as healthy as you can, with consistent energy, rare sicknesses and vibrant appearance? You can probably guess how much junk food you should eat if you you’d like to be in the last category.
Our Perceptions Of Food
If we define food as that which nourishes and sustains our life, and anything else as that which is toxic and detracts from that life, then junk “food” certainly falls into the latter category. Much of what passes for food today is actually poisonous, in the sense that it will break our body down instead of building it up. The problem is that these toxic foodlike substances are extremely profitable, and the small group of giant food corporations in this county have found thousands of ways to make them palatable, attractive, and even addictive, while covering up the damage they do.
Does A Carrot Stick Cancel Out A Candy Bar?
Our toxin vs. nutrient intake doesn’t really work like a set of scales–as with everything else about the body, it’s a bit more complicated than that. Ingested toxins are dealt with in various ways, depending on what they are and what state of health the body is in at the time, but if they’re not eliminated right away, most of the time they are stored in fatty, muscular, or other tissues to protect the rest of the body. Others, such as the infamous free radicals, roam through the body, wreaking havoc on whichever cells it can steal an electron from. Nutritious, beneficial foods will certainly help flush out the toxins and heal whatever damage they’ve caused, but not necessarily right away, and not necessarily in an equivalent amount. For example, eating a big spinach salad with three slices of supreme pizza certainly won’t negate the calories, sodium, fats and nitrites in the pizza, though it is a little better than eating the pizza alone, since the salad will aid in digestion due to the enzymes in the raw spinach, and will contribute some nutrients. Will the antioxidants in the spinach capture all the free radicals that could potentially be in the pizza? Will the enzymes in the spinach help digest the two most difficult proteins to digest: casein (in the cheese) and gluten (in the crust)? Will your gut assimilate all the nutrients in the salad, especially since casein leads to mucus production which blocks absorption? Of course the answers will depend greatly on your state of health at the time (including how your digestive system is faring), what you’ve had to eat before, how much spinach vs. how much pizza you eat, and probably a few more factors.
All of these factors would be difficult, if not impossible to measure, especially at every meal, so the most beneficial act you can do for your body on this subject is not to try and “balance” all the junky non-foods you consume with healthy foods, but rather to simply cut the toxins in your life to an absolute minimum. Any toxic substance you put into your body will need energy to be dealt with in one way or another, and wouldn’t you rather have that energy put to better uses, like clear skin, shiny hair, strong muscles and bones, a vigorous digestive system, and energy to do what you want to do?
In the same way, supplements don’t really justify eating junk, but they are very helpful in giving your body the materials it needs to be as healthy as it can be.
Photo credits: technowannabe and Mr Jaded
Is Bilberry Different From Blueberry?
Yes it is, though you may not know it to look at it. It looks and tastes very similar to American blueberries, though it is from a different family: Vaccinium myrtillus, to be exact. You can distinguish the two bushes by the fact that bilberries grow single or paired berries, whereas blueberries grow in clusters. Bilberry shrubs grow in very acidic, nutrient-poor soil in cold areas, but is very difficult to cultivate, so most bilberries used by people are gathered from wild growing bushes. Bilberries can be eaten raw or in pies, jams–anywhere you could use blueberries, in fact.

Bilberry Nutritional Profile
Although bilberries contain some Vitamin C, it is two other nutrients which are of most interest. One is anthocyanosides, which gives the berries their color and is one of the many antioxidants which scour the body for free radicals. They have also been shown to build stronger blood vessels and help boost the production of rhodopsin, a compound directly related to improved night vision and aiding the eye to adapt to changes in light. Continue reading Our Ingredients: Bilberry
Lutein? What On Earth Is That?
Lutein is a special carotenoid, which is a class of compounds found in plants. Carotenoids are an important part of the photosynthesis process in moderating light energy, and give the plant its color. Lutein is known for its yellow to orange-red color, depending on its concentration. In fact, much of the lutein used in supplements is extracted from marigolds! [1] Lutein’s role in plants is to moderate light energy for optimal photosynthesis. When animals eat plants, the lutein is apparently utilized as an antioxidant and for blue light absorption. In humans, lutein is found in high concentrations in the retina, where it is believed to help protect the eyes from blue and near-ultraviolet light.
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